8 Special Little Words in English Grammar

8 Special Little Words in English Grammar To be accurate, its not the words themselves that are special; its how theyre sometimes used in sentences. Linguists have assigned names to these distinctive (and sometimes controversial) ways of using eight very common words in English: it, there, should, anymore, be, we, they, and eh. For additional examples and more detailed discussions of the terms, follow the links in bold. Dummy ItUnlike an ordinary pronoun, dummy it refers to nothing at all. In sentences about time and weather (e.g., Its six oclock, Its snowing) and in certain idioms (Its obvious youre having a tough time), it serves as a dummy subject. (For a related use of this personal pronoun, see Anticipatory It.)Existential ThereAnother familiar type of dummy subject is the existential there. In contrast to the deictic there, which refers to a place (e.g., Lets sit over there), the nonreferential there simply points out the existence of something (There is a problem with the network).Putative ShouldUnlike the mandative should, which expresses a command or recommendation (e.g., You should stop complaining), the putative should emphasizes an emotional response to a presumed fact (Its sad you should feel that way). Putative should is heard more often in British English than in American English.Positive AnymoreIn Standard English, the adverb anymore is usually limited to negative or interrogative co nstructions (e.g., She doesnt sing anymore). But in some American, Canadian, and Irish dialects, anymore is also used in positive constructions to mean now or at this time (They go to Maryland on their holidays anymore). Invariant BeA feature of African American Vernacular English (AAVE), invariant be is often misinterpreted as an all-purpose substitute for am, is and are. In fact, because invariant be (as in She be busy all the time) has the special function of marking habitual or repeated activities, AAVE makes a distinction that Standard English cant make by verb tense alone. (See No Time Like the Present Tense.)Inclusive WeIn contrast to the exclusive we, which deliberately leaves out the person whos being addressed (e.g., Dont call us; well call you), inclusive we uses a first-person plural pronoun to evoke a sense of commonality and rapport between a speaker (or writer) and his or her audience (We shall never surrender).Singular TheyMost handbooks still decry the use of they, them, or their to refer to a singular noun or an indefinite pronoun (e.g., Somebody lost their keys). But this is probably a losing battle: singular they has been in widespread use since the 14th century. Narrative EhThough strongly associated with speakers of Canadian English, narrative eh isnt exclusively Canadian. This little discourse marker or tag (described by one linguist as virtually meaningless) most often shows up at the end of a sentencelike this, eh?

Write a Research Paper

Write a Research Paper Write a Research Paper Write a Research Paper If you have to write a research paper, you should start with analyzing the topic.   Sure, your tutor will not assign a topic you are totally unfamiliar with.   Thus, you have some understanding of the issue and can think about the points you will cover.   Your first assignment is to write an outline.   An advantage of a well-constructed outline is that is helps you identify gaps in your reasoning and presentation. Sample formal research paper outline: Main point and a thesis statement Subpoint Example/Explication Example/Explication Subpoint Example/Explication Example/Explication Conclusion you plan to reach Sure, you may not know how to write a research paper prior to reading different articles.   Moreover, your outline will definitely change in the course of writing.   You will come across different ideas, find new facts, and you may even change your opinion.   It happens that by the time half of your research paper is already written, you suddenly realize that you have taken a wrong direction.   Do not panic!   You are given at least two weeks to write a research paper.   You need to leave your work aside and either start writing from scratch or change hypothesis.   In any case, you have to proofread and edit your research paper many times until it can be marked as perfect and ready to be submitted.   Research paper writing is a serious academic project and you should not neglect its importance! Free Research Paper Do you think it is worth to spend time searching free research paper on the Internet? Are you sure that the project you have found has not been already turned in to your adviser? There are many reasons why smart students should not copy/paste works of others and present them as your own.   Unfortunately, most students have no time or simply do not want to waste on research paper writing. offers you an opportunity to order professional research paper writing service.   We guarantee adherence to all instructions and ensure proper formatting.   For example, if you need APA style research paper, we will deliver custom written research paper formatted in APA style! We guarantee high quality of our research paper writing service.   Our writers are educated and have years of writing experience.   Our editors proofread your essay for mistakes prior to sending it to you.   Our customer support representatives provide adequate support and timely feedback.   Our administration is ready to answer all of your questions and address concerns.   We are looking forward to seeing you as our customer!

Can choose from three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Can choose from three - Essay Example According to Nagel, reductive arguments seek to explain a phenomenon in terms of objectivism hence it omits the essential of the conscious experience, which are subjective. Because of this, Nagel believes that the whole idea of objective does not add up or make sense. Nagel also believes that the conscious experience is about one’s interpretation and varies with people. It is like asking someone else what he or she thinks about something. In this case, one is entitled to say what he or she feels and whatever said is welcomed. Therefore, it is valid for Nagel to argue that the conscious is interpreted in terms of subjectivism. It is not always possible for the majority to see or view a phenomenon like an identical twins; the differences must be embraced and accommodated. Nagel chose the example of a bat to validate his information because of many things. First, bats resemble man to some extent. Similarly, there are rhetorical elements in his choice of bats since they have a traditional reputation of being weird, and some have special senses that humankind do not have. They are essential in persuading people that do not think others can reason the same way. Similarly, bats have experiences that man does not have. Hence, there is a limit to human understanding that makes consciousness very difficult to understand. It is also important to consider the situation and conditions of an organism that influences one’s consciousness. For example, Nagel argues that facts about what it is to be an organism conscious state is accessible only from certain points of view. A dead human being no longer reasons because she or he does not have any point of view. Similarly, a drunken person has a different viewpoint from the way sober people reason. Although a drunken is also a human being, the conscious mind that reason is not supported by alcohol but influences it towards giving unwarranted reasoning. The logic that one gives determines consciousness and all that pertains to

Compare the way in which institutionalists and Marxists conceive of Essay

Compare the way in which institutionalists and Marxists conceive of the state and its role in the economy - Essay Example By the 1960s, there was ageneral opinion of living in a ‘mixed economy’ (also known as organised capitalism), which changed dramatically since the mid-1970s, when Neo-Liberalism came into existence thataimed atending mixed economy and bringing back market principles unimaginable inthe years just after the WWII.The emergence of Neo-Liberalism in the last few decades has changed the nature of debate on the State’s role, and the state is no longer regarded as a neutral guardian of its citizens, but as a major tool in the hands of the economically powerful social classes or as a predator (Chang, 1994). In this context, the essay will examine the Institutionalists and Marxists notions on the state and its role in the economy, two major theories on political economy that were popularduring the latter half of the twentieth century. The term ‘free market’ generally refers to economy that is free from state intervention. To analyse whether a particular market is free or not, one must review the underlying institutions thatframe the structure for obligations and rights of participants in a specific market,along with various other ‘externalities’ (Schotter, 1985). The institutions that must necessarily be analysed includeregulations(formal and informal ones) that govern the organisation and exercise of interests (regulations on lobbying, political relationshipsand incorporation);ideologiesassociated with concepts of rights and justiceprevalent in that particular society; andthe institutions that ascertainstructural changes in rights and obligations, such as processes for social or legal changes. Therefore, by defining ‘free market’ and ‘state intervention’one can also analyse whether market failure is evident and if state intervention may make the failing market more efficient. From the perspective of the

Routing Protocol Security OSPFv2 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Routing Protocol Security OSPFv2 - Dissertation Example Using MD5 method to make a comparison between the security measures often associated with the use of OSPF v2 Routing protocol, it worked quite well to implement a network structure, which made it possible to evaluate and assess the Project background research on OSPF v2 authentication security alongside highlighting the solution that was deemed reliable for the OSPF v2 authentication. Through the use of the Quagga software, a network was implemented, which helped in testing, as well as evaluating OSPF v2 authentication. This project clearly demonstrated that OSPF as an interior gateway protocol, can route the Internet Protocol into a single routing domain. It showed that OSPF can gather a link-state information from routers and be able to construct a network of topology maps, which are more often than not used for determining routing table that is often presented in the internet layer. It was also shown that OSPF was designed in such a way that it can support the variable length subn et masking, and it is also capable of detecting any change within a topology such as any link failure and be able to converge onto a loop-free routing structure within seconds. This project also demonstrated that the OSPF network might be subdivided into various routing areas for purposes of simplifying administration and optimization of traffic and for resource utilization. It also showed that OSPF does not make use of the TCP/IP transport protocol. It is instead encapsulated in the IP datagram. This contrasts with other related routing protocols such as the Border Gateway protocol and the Routing Information protocol. It also became apparent that Router within the same broadcast domain often link from adjacencies whenever they need to detect each other. Such a detection takes place whenever a Router gets to identify itself within the hello OSPF protocol packet. This is often referred to as the two-way state. this project, as well indicted that the OSPF makes use of the multicast, as well as the unicast in sending the link state updates and the hello packets. Recommendations for Future Research The current research demonstrated clearly that it is possible OSPF V2 Routing protocol can be used as an internet security measure. Given the focus of this study and previous studies on OSPF V2 Routing protocol and other earlier versions, it is worth recommending that there is need to migrate to IPv6 considering that the solution to the existing problem which is OSPFv2 routing is to transfer to OSPFv3 and use IPsec Protocol between sites (WAN. It has been indicated that OSPF protocol when operated on other versions such as on IPv4, it operates more securely between routers. This provides an option to use varied authentication methods to give allowance to routers that are trusted to participate in routing. Although it has been noted that OSPFv3, when running on IPv6, does not any more support the protocol-internal authentication, it relies on the IPv6 protocol security (Tanenbaum, 2003). As often is the case, the OSPF version 3 would help introduce some modifications to the given IPv4 protocol implementation. Other than the virtual links, virtually all neighbor exchanges often exclusively make use of the IPv6 link-local addressing (Cisco Systems Inc, 2009). It is widely known that the IPv6 protocol always do run per link, and not based upon the subnet. It is worth contenting that all the IP prefix information has

Omo Detergent In Nigeria

Omo Detergent In Nigeria Omo is manufactured and distributed by Unilever Nigeria Plc, which is a subsidiary of the multinational food and vitality company, Unilever whose corporate mission is to add vitality to life. They are manufacturers and suppliers of consumer goods in the foods, home care and personal care divisions. Unilever Nigeria Plc was incorporated on 11th April, 1923 as the Lever Brothers (West Africa) Ltd (OceanicPearl 2009). The company began as a trading organisation founded by Lord Leverhulme in Nigeria and West Africa. It started as a soap manufacturing organisation and has remained over the years to become one of Nigerias oldest surviving manufacturing organisations. The company has over the years diversified into the manufacture of foods, personal care products and non-soapy detergents. This was done through mergers and acquisitions, some of which include the acquisition of Lipton Nigeria Ltd in 1985 and Cheesebrough Pond Industries Ltd in 1988 (UnileverNigeria 2010a). In line with the ot her parts of the multinational group, the companys name was changed in 2001 to Unilever Nigeria Plc. It was listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange in 1973 and 49% of its equity are owned by Nigerians at the moment while 51% is held by Unilever Overseas Holdings BV (OceanicPearl 2009). KEY MARKET SEGMENTS AND SIZE OF MARKET Unilever Nigeria Plc is involved in three main market segments and they are: Foods The brands of Unilever in this segment are Blue Band margarine, Lipton tea, Knorr and Royco food seasonings. Blue band margarine dominates the margarine market with only few strong competitors. Lipton tea is also the dominant brand in the Nigerian tea market, with relatively little competition from local manufacturers. However, the Nigerian tea consumption is very small due to the hot climate and the fact that consumers prefer chocolate drinks to tea. Knorr and Royco are different brands of a glutamate-based food seasoning. Although they possess a considerable market share, they have very stiff competition from the Maggi brand of Nestlà © Nigeria which is the dominant seasoning brand in the market. Home care This segment of the fast moving consumer goods market is dominated by multinational companies like Unilever, Procter and Gamble and PZ Cussons although there is competition from other local manufacturers. This dominance is due to the large amount of capital assigned to marketing by the multinationals, which most local manufacturers ignore either due to lack of capital or ignorance. The key Unilever brands in this segment are Omo and Key. Omo comes in a powder form while Key is a green bar soap. The Omo detergent comes in various pack sizes while the bar soap come in two sizes. These products are mainly produced for hand washing although Omo may be used for machine wash. Personal care division Currently, Nigerian households spend US $5 billion annually in the personal care category (Tura 2010). It is a very competitive segment of the Nigerian market and boasts a lot of local manufacturers. Investors are drawn into this segment because of the low barriers to entry and exit. Also, government policies favour the establishment of small-scale factories in this segment with tax incentives granted the organisations. However, multinational organisations such as Unilever and PZ Cussons still control large portion of the segment. Unilevers brands in this segment include Lux, Pears and Sunsilk. Pears is a petroleum jelly brand while Lux and Sunsilk are brands that cover body and hair care products although Sunsilk is cheaper and was created to cater for the low income segment of the Nigerian society. Size of market Because food, home care and personal care are essential to all humans, the market for most of Unilever Nigerias products including Omo can be seen as the entire population of the country. The household consumer goods segment has been growing steadily due to the increased marketing by companies, stimulated by growing demand. Detergents for hand washing have not been left out. The unsteady power situation in Nigeria favour hand washing rather than machine washing and so most of the washing detergents produced in the country are made for hand-wash applications. With a population of over 140million people and an annual population growth rate of 1.999% according to the 2009 estimates (Indexmundi 2009), Nigeria presents a large market for powder detergents. With an urban population percentage of 48% (2008 census) and 97% of the population below 65years (Indexmundi 2009), the market potentials are huge. The Nigerian population is made up of an upper wealthy class that only constitutes about 10% of the population. The middle and lower class make up the remaining 90% with the lower class having the lion share. The chart below shows the Living Standard Measure (LSM) of the adult population in 2008. The Living Standard Measure is a wealth proxy calculated based on the ownership of certain goods and degree of urbanization and ranges from 1 (indigent and rural) to 10 (affluent and urban) (Ladipo 2008). PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND KEY DATA Omo is a white detergent powder that is used for washing clothes. It is produced specifically for hand washing although it can be used for machine washing as well. Omo is a chemical-based detergent with excellent stain removal properties. It comes in 35 and 50grams sachets and also in 200, 400 and 900grams packs. Because of the relatively low income level of the average Nigerian family, the small product sachets have been favoured over the years. Omos brand colours are white, blue and red, with the word Omo written in blue and as uppercase characters on the packaging, which carries the brands colours. Omo is one of the oldest brand names in the household care category in Nigeria. For a long time, Omo was the generic name for non-soap detergents, in most parts of Nigeria. However, increased competition has changed this. MARKETING DATA OF OMO The turnover for the powder detergents segment and Omos market share are given in the table below. NGN represents the currency of Nigeria, the Nigerian naira. The overall sales volume/turnover decrease from 2008 to 2009 was due to fall in demand caused by a high inflation rate. The increase in sales value is as a result of higher product prices rather than an increase in sales volume. However, though there was a decrease in sales volume of powder detergents in 2009, turnover has increased greatly over figures from the early 90s due to the introduction of the more affordable economy-sized sachets of product and improvements in road network across the country which made rural markets more accessible. The turnover for Omo has experienced a gradual decline over the years as consumers now see it as an old and ineffective product and hence prefer the competitions products. The volume and value share of Omo also decreased over the year due to the wrong perception of the product by the consumers and very stiff competition in the segment with several players like Eko Resources Ltd., introducing cheaper alternatives into the market. Main competitors The ability to constantly innovate and make exciting offers to customers is a very important attribute needed to survive and excel in a competitive market (Jobber 1998) like the Nigerian detergent market. Detergents purchase has a low level of involvement and so consumers are quick to try something they perceive better. There are several products that compete in this market segment, their large numbers being due to the low barriers to entry and exit for this market segment. Of the many brands that exist, the three main competitors of Omo are: So Klin washing powder This is a leader in the mass market category of the powder detergents market. It is manufactured by Eko Supreme Resources Ltd., jointly owned by Nigerian and Asian investors and was introduced into the market in 1995. The manufacturers spotted a gap in the market since prior to this time, Omo and the other detergents did not come in economy packs (products came in packs of at least 200grams) and were beyond the reach of the greater populace. They introduced sachets of 15grams and 30grams to cater for the low income earners. This caused them to take over much of the competitors market share. Also, on entry, the white colour of the powder strengthened its claim to provide superior cleaning with just small amounts, at a time when the other players including Omo still came as blue powders. After gaining grounds with its economy-sized products, it also ventured into the realm of the existing main players of the industry by introducing products in 200g, 400g and 900g packs to cater for hig h-end customers. At the end of the 2008 retail year, So Klin emerged second in the powder detergent category mainly the 13 to 35kg segments but still undisputedly remain the first in the sachet (15 and 30grams) segment, which accounts for 50% of the powder detergent business in Nigeria (The Nation 2009). Ariel washing powder This product is manufactured by Procter Gamble Nigeria, which started operations in Nigeria in 1992. It also comes in the form of a white powder and occupies a sizeable share of the detergent market although it is a sort of premium detergent. It was introduced in comparatively large sized packs and cost on the average more than its other competitors for same-sized products. This greater price premium was perceived by most of the AB and C1 groups (using British social classification as given by White (2000)) as a sign of higher quality and became popular especially among Nigerians who knew of their operations outside the country. Procter Gamble Nigeria undertakes aggressive advertising and has over time gradually increased its market share. With the introduction of their economy sized products (15 and 30grams), their customer base increased making them the second major competitor of Omo. Elephant detergent This detergent is manufactured by PZ Cussons Nigeria, a company that commenced business in Nigeria as a West African merchant. Elephant detergent is the third major competitor of Omo in the detergents category. Prior to the entry of the Procter Gamble brand Ariel, it was the main competitor of Omo and together with Omo, occupied more than 40% of the detergents category. Elephant detergent over the years has grown into an umbrella brand that has several detergent products under it such as the Elephant Gold and Elephant colour. It started out as a blue detergent packaged in 200g packs but has transformed into a white detergent following the change in the Nigerian consumer preference. On the wake of the So Klin revolution, brands like Omo tried to quickly reposition while Elephant dawdled resulting in a severe loss of market share. It now comes in economy packs although its strongholds lie in the large sized packs (200grams and above). LIFECYCLE OF OMO WASHING POWDER Omo detergent powder is in its mature phase at the moment. It was introduced over 40 years ago and its early stage was marked with great acceptance as the market had very few players predominantly Elephant detergent. This established the brand and led to a very rapid growth phase through the 80s and early 90s. By the late 90s, the product entered its mature phase. Its market share has since been fairly constant with slight increases or decreases yearly depending on marketing activities. This is evidenced by the gradual fall in market share (from 17.4percent in 2008 to 16.3percent in 2009) as seen in Table 1. Unilever Nigeria constantly undertakes several activities to extend the life of the product. These include repackaging, resizing of packs, introduction of improved formulas and constant advertising. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR OMO DETERGENT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Strong customer awareness of the brand Crowded and very competitive market Government vision 20/20 developmental policies Entrance of cheaper substitutes like Bonux (by Procter Gamble Nigeria) and Good Mama detergent (by Eko Supreme Resources Nigeria Ltd.) into the market. Large skilled marketing force Price sensitivity of product Improved road network in rural areas Re-launch of Ariel Enzymax as Ariel Prozim by Procter Gamble Nigeria Plc (M2weekly 2010) Access to home companys resources/technology Small brand product range offering specific advantages to different customer segments Increasing income of middle class Difficulty in accessing credit from local banks in the light the restructuring of the banking sector and global financial crisis. A large number of loyal nationwide distributors Improved electricity supply reducing production costs. Fall in local raw materials production Large local production capacity Growing population and market Increase in import duties on imported raw materials Wide product packaging size range High inflation rate(12 per cent in December 2009) (FreshPlaza 2010) Clear brand positioning Low entry barriers into business FUTURE TRENDS IN THE MARKET Nigerian consumers increasingly want more variety, freedom, quality and want to remove the hassle from washing and save time. With an annual population growth rate of 1.999% from 2009 estimates (Indexmundi 2009), the market for household care products is growing. In 2008, the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria of which detergents are a large share grew by over 15% to a market size of around 130 billionNGN ( £552 million) (TradeInvestNigeria 2009). Also, with the increase in the income of the middle class and the percentage of the population that constitute this class, the average disposable income per family is increasing at a steady pace. Therefore, over the next few decades, there will be a shift of demand from economy sized goods (15 and 30grams) to family sized goods (200grams and above) as the younger, more educated portion of the population, which form a greater part of the population, with a median age of 19years (Indexmundi 2009) grow older and establish families. Although infrastructural development (especially power supply) is slow on the average, it is quite faster in urban areas like Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kano. These cities make up a large portion of the entire market. In addition, a larger proportion of married women now take up jobs in the private and public sectors, leaving very little time for activities like hand washing. For these reasons, there is a gradual growth in the market for machine wash powders and this is expected to continue over the next two decades. Finally, with government rigorously executing various projects and making policies in line with its plan for Nigeria to be among the first 20 economies in the world by the year 2020, a rapid growth in the infrastructural development especially rural roads is opening up the rural market thereby adding to market growth. ADVERTISING PHILOSOPHY Omo is advertised with a catch phrase Dirt is good, built around the belief that allowing children explore their environments ensures they grow and develop properly. The advertising of Omo is focused on the mother as the target considering she is the main decision maker for the purchase of household care products like detergents. From personal communication with Unilever Nigeria (February 2010), the primary target consumer description is given below. She is a mother in LSM 5 8, aged 23 45yrs. Her children are central to her world and she wants them to develop and explore the world. Laundry is an important part of her life she takes great pride in seeing her family looking good and wearing clean clothes. She cares about great laundry results and her childs development She lives in the urban and semi-urban parts of the country. Unilever Nigeria employs the television, posters and radio advertising to market Omo, each media used to a different degree. Television Omos main advertising is done on television since their target audience always watch television especially in the evenings. The adverts are run during a soap opera and a family breakfast show which run on Thursday (8-10pm) and Saturday mornings (9-10am) respectively weekly. These shows are almost religiously watched by most families and so have a great impact rate for the target audience. Posters These are the other most used media for advertising Omo. Posters are placed on billboards in markets and major roads all over the country. Since the target audience is the woman, and women are the ones who go to markets to do the family shopping, this is a highly effective method. Markets tend to be centralised and most women go shopping at least weekly and so are always exposed to the advert each time they go there. Using posters offers three main advantages for the marketing of this product. Firstly, since power is not constant in the country, posters present an ever visible advert, always present unlike television adverts that will not be seen if there is no power supply during the time when the advert is supposed to run. Secondly, posters also allow the message of the product to be passed to consumers who do not own television sets considering this is the case in certain parts of the country. Thirdly, posters are also made in the major languages of the different states in the cou ntry as Nigeria has over 200 indigenous languages. This is a very big advantage of using posters, as it reduces the cost of advertising which would be ridiculously high if TV commercials of the different languages were to be made. It ensures that the message of the advertising is effectively communicated to the consumers even if they are not very good in English language. Radio Local radio is also employed in the advertisement of Omo. However, it is used to a much lower extent than television and posters. It is mainly employed in the semi-urban and rural areas where most consumers do not watch much television but own radio sets. The adverts are made in either English language, Pidgin English or the major language of the region. The print media is normally not employed in the advertisement of Omo because very few of the women who are the target audience regularly read the dailies and magazines. ADVERTISING PLAN Current consumer perception of brand Most consumers see Omo as an old school (outdated and ineffective) product. believe detergents powders degrade the colours of clothes. Advertising objectives To alter perceptions about Omo. To reassure customers of product quality. To raise impulsive brand awareness from 75 percent to 85 percent. To raise the proportion of consumers describing the brand as effective and value for money to 75 percent. Selected media: Posters (on billboards because of its high perception-altering potential via repetition). Poster advert description The poster will carry a picture of a smiling woman (30-35years old) in brightly coloured Nigerian attire (attire will be changed to match the cultural and religious attire of women in different regions so as to cause the consumers in the region to identify with the advert) on a white background, carrying the brand colours (red, blue and white) on the left portion of the picture. Brand colours will be bold on poster to enable easy identification of the brand even before seeing its name. The right side of the poster will contain a picture of a large amount of colourful clean clothing folded in a stack (wide range of bright colours to be chosen to emphasize colour caring and preserving qualities of Omo). The woman in the picture will be holding an Omo 15grams sachet in her right hand next to the stack of folded clothing (to emphasize that a small amount can clean many clothes) while the products in their different sized packs are displayed at the bottom left of the poster (to show the c ustomer the range of choices available). The brand name Omo will be placed in the poster in large print, second in size only to the phrase Brilliant results always (to highlight the excellent cleaning and colour-preserving ability of Omo)which will run across the centre of a major part of the poster (but does not overlap the clothes). Response/what we want them to believe: Omo has super stain removing ability, A small amount washes a large quantity of clothes Omo does not deteriorate colours Languages to be used in adverts English, Pidgin English and the three main national languages (Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo). Where adverts will be displayed State capital city centres, major markets and roads in the cities and select towns. Timing Six months. Media scheduling Periodic over six months. Results expected Brand to come first in their mind when they think washing To establish the brand and position it in the market as the best for washing Criteria by which success will be judged Change in market share and turnover. Budget A budget of 250millionNGN ( £1.07million) is proposed for this advert. This is justified by the increase in revenue the advert will generate. A 10% increase in revenue (which is 969.2millionNGN from Table 1) will cover the advert and marketing costs and give a reasonable profit. CONCLUSION Omos strong brand presence has kept it over the years. However, a selling concept rather than a marketing concept has been employed for Omo over the years resulting in loss of market share. Constant research should be carried out to keep up with changes in consumer needs. With new emphasis on what consumers want from the product, effective marketing and product promotion, a turnaround can be expected.

Ferris Beach: Automobiles and Motorcycles as Symbols :: McCorkle Ferris Beach Essays

Ferris Beach:  Ã‚   Automobiles and Motorcycles as Symbols  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      During adolescence, one makes a transition from a child to a young adult. It is common for an adolescent to be confused and frustrated with new ideas regarding morals and beliefs. People, places, and experiences teach adolescents about life and how to handle different situations., and the environments of the individuals become instrumental for their development. In the novel Ferris Beach, Jill McCorkle provides an example of the learning process of an adolescent girl in the 1970's. Kate Burns accepts the changes of a shifting South and eventually embraces a change within herself. In McCorkle's novel, cars and highways provide an index for understanding the new changes in the South. At this time, cars became possessions of most families and the automobile's prevalence sparked many changes for adolescents in America. McCorkle uses the car in her novel as a "vehicle" for Kate Burns to learn about life and growing up. The car was first considered a common household item in the 1970's, which signified a sizable change in American life and increased opportunity for all people. One major change made with the increase in cars was the building of roads which McCorkle notes, "...Mrs. Poole rented out Brown's Econo Lodge on Old 301, which had gone bust with the building of I-95" (McCorkle 35). The process of the old Econo Lodge being torn down and replaced by the new road calls for a lot of physical changes. The destruction of the Econo Lodge is comparable to Kate losing her girlish attributes. As the new road is being paved, Kate's figure is maturing and taking on a more womanly shape. Most people enjoy knowing they have security in a situation and dislike periods of transition. Therefore, when towns across America experienced the construction of roads, citizens were anticipating and impatiently waiting its completion. Kate possess a similar attitude regarding the culmination of her adolescence. She lon gs for this growth to reach finality and hopes that she will someday appear as womanly as Angela, "...so young-looking and glamorous in her two-piece sparkly gold suit right below her navel (16).    The building of I-95 increased opportunities for those with cars. Distances between cities seemed shorter and many consumer goods became widely accessible. The ability to travel on modern roads allows Kate and her dad to make the trip to Ferris Beach.

Apollo Shoes Confirmation Letter

to:Darlene wardlaw FROM: SUBJECT:CONFIRMATION REQUESTS DATE:OCTOBER 30, 2012 Two Forms of Confirmations We used both positive confirmations and negative confirmations. This is a required audit procedure by audit standards. Confirmations show existence and valuation of accounts and notes receivable. The positive confirmations are used to ask the customer to respond whether the balance is correct or incorrect. The negative confirmations ask for a response only if something is wrong with the balance. If no response is received, it is considered evidence that the account is stated fairly.With the positive confirmations, we are trying to find information on account balances or specific invoices. We sent positive confirmations to Neutralizer, Mall-Wart, Run For Your Life Shoes, Paul Bunion Footwear, Sassy Shoes, and International Soccer Federation. We sent a negative confirmation to Tread. The ones that we sent a positive confirmation to, we were wondering about some discrepancies in the n umbers and needed confirmation that payments were being made. The negative confirmation was sent with confidence that there were no errors. Therefore, we did not need a response if nothing was found.We checked the numbers that we received from the confirmation and compared them to the aged trial balance for account receivable. The numbers matched up. Alternative Procedures Sometimes customers are not able to send a response. A reason for this could be that they are on a voucher system that lists payables by invoice instead of by vendor account. In a case like this, we have to perform alternative procedures. We could examine subsequent cash receipts. We could examine sales orders, invoices and shipping documents. We could also examine correspondence files for past due accounts.

A Modest Proposal Review essays

A Modest Proposal Review essays A Modest Proposal by Jonathon Swift, in my opinion, is a brilliant piece of literature. The idea of taking a social matter of his time, that was incredibly absurd, and made it even more absurd and gruesome. I found it easy to figure out his sense of satire in the writing, and personally dont understand how others couldnt see what he was really trying to say. How could you take someone completely seriously, especially of Swifts stature, who published a piece about eating babies? Not only is it well written and funny, but also I think it is a great insult to the people who treated the Irish so horribly. To personally see the rise Swift got out of people is amazing. To see classmates get visibly mad over the work, is incredible. It is exactly what Swift wanted to do. I find controversial work very interesting, whether it is literature, music, or television. I love seeing what can be said or done to make people raise an eyebrow. I think Swift definitely had it down to an art, on how to get a rise out of people. Finding the piece interesting and controversial, I dont know if it was a good way to get his point across to the people. Those who found his ideas grotesque and idiotic, thought just that. They didnt see what he was really trying to say, or prove. The thought of eating babies almost seems to overwhelming to some, that they cant tap in to the real meaning of A Modest Proposal. Jonathon Swift definitely got everyones attention, whether good or bad, and I think that is what he wanted to do. I personally found A Modest Proposal intriguing and hilarious. The way swift got some people so steamed is also humorous to me. Swift proved that he was way ahead of his time with this work by throwing out a completely absurd idea, and running with it to the fullest extent. Many artist of today would never tread those waters, and those who do, seem t...

Free Essays on Wound Debridment

Debridement is the removal of devitalised or contaminated tissue from, or adjacent to, a traumatic or infected lesion, until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed (Vowden & Vowden, 1999). Failure to debride will delay healing. Removal of dead tissue must be achieved in the shortest possible time, thus improving comfort and quality of life (Hampton, 1998). Also debridement of wounds is an important skill, particularly as toxins from these wounds contribute to morbidity and death. The presence of slough inhibits the migration of epithelial cells across the wound and predisposes the wound to infection (Vowden & Vowden, 1999). Vowden and Vowden (1999) contend that debridement is crucial to optimal wound healing and may be the most effective method available to stimulate wound healing. Nurses involved in debridement need to have a thorough knowledge of wound care, experience and clear documentation in order to provide excellent practice. Practitioners must be able to identify and describe the rationale for each type of debridement and understand the impact of these on the wound as well as being able to assess the cost effectiveness of each treatment modality. Bale (1997) agrees and states that success of the treatment depends on the skill, ability and knowledge of the practitioner to select the appropriate method for each wound and to apply it correctly. This article will look at the non-sharp methods of wound debridement available and try to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment modality. Enzymatic debridement Enzymatic debridement involves the use of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes are said to digest Slough and necrosis whilst leaving healthy tissue intact (Bale, 1997). It works by breaking down fibrin, denatured collagen and elastin. The most commonly used enzymatic dressing is Varidase, which is a combination of both streptokinase and streptodornase. Streptokinase is a fibrinolytic substance commonly u... Free Essays on Wound Debridment Free Essays on Wound Debridment Debridement is the removal of devitalised or contaminated tissue from, or adjacent to, a traumatic or infected lesion, until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed (Vowden & Vowden, 1999). Failure to debride will delay healing. Removal of dead tissue must be achieved in the shortest possible time, thus improving comfort and quality of life (Hampton, 1998). Also debridement of wounds is an important skill, particularly as toxins from these wounds contribute to morbidity and death. The presence of slough inhibits the migration of epithelial cells across the wound and predisposes the wound to infection (Vowden & Vowden, 1999). Vowden and Vowden (1999) contend that debridement is crucial to optimal wound healing and may be the most effective method available to stimulate wound healing. Nurses involved in debridement need to have a thorough knowledge of wound care, experience and clear documentation in order to provide excellent practice. Practitioners must be able to identify and describe the rationale for each type of debridement and understand the impact of these on the wound as well as being able to assess the cost effectiveness of each treatment modality. Bale (1997) agrees and states that success of the treatment depends on the skill, ability and knowledge of the practitioner to select the appropriate method for each wound and to apply it correctly. This article will look at the non-sharp methods of wound debridement available and try to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment modality. Enzymatic debridement Enzymatic debridement involves the use of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes are said to digest Slough and necrosis whilst leaving healthy tissue intact (Bale, 1997). It works by breaking down fibrin, denatured collagen and elastin. The most commonly used enzymatic dressing is Varidase, which is a combination of both streptokinase and streptodornase. Streptokinase is a fibrinolytic substance commonly u...

Describe the changes that have occurred in the last generation with Essay

Describe the changes that have occurred in the last generation with regard to personal and family finances - Essay Example Other legislations that have contributed to changes in the management of personal and family finances include the legislations governing health care. Such legislations as the Obama care Act required Americans to access effective insurance policies to help improve accessibility to quality health care. As such, individuals and families in the country had to restructure their spending in order to factor in health care services. Such legislations help improve the quality of lifestyle in the country. Financial security is a major priority to most American families in the current century. As such, most Americans continue to devise appropriate ways of achieving this. Despite such ambitions, the cost of living is rising partly because of the new legislations and the changing lifestyles in the society. Health care, childcare and need for a home and payment of college fees coupled with the desire to retire to a safe and financial secure old age continue to mount pressure of American families, especially those in the middle class. The rising number of financial needs while the sources of income remain limited is a fundamental concern that validates the changes in the management of both personal and family finances (Warren and Warren 65). The increasing demand for money at a time that earnings remain limited is a basic factor that influenced change in the management of finances in families. Most Americans are thinking of the most appropriate ways of investing their money in order to secure their stability. Instead of limiting spending and working hard, Americans are currently looking for ways of working smart with both their finances and the opportunities they meet. While school remains fundamental, numerous successful individuals in the modern society have a history accentuated with dropping out of school a feature that portrays that Americans are looking for opportunities. Insurance services offer a reliable plan to some of the most

Near-consultant quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Near-consultant quality - Essay Example The cascading effects of a changing weather has also affected and modified the geographical distribution of life forms in the upland area going to the lowland where they can now be found within residential spaces. Some marine animals have also died of starvation because of the disappearance of their usual preys that probably migrated to keep up with the decreasing quality of water salinity. Indeed, climate change produces adverse effects on the habitat of these living things and also, in the environment we humans live in. Our rivers and lakes in Canada have been recorded to have dropped in water levels due to the intense heat caused by these long trends of shifting weather. It is my goal in this paper to discuss the impacts of climate change on the Great Lakes with emphasis on its geographical implications and, to propose the urgency of the actions we can contribute to mitigate the hazardous effects of climate change being an inevitable consequence of the industrialized systems that we have approved of. The Great Lakes form the â€Å"largest fresh surface water system on earth† (Manninen) that being 21% of the whole planet (â€Å"Great Lakes†). It is a vast lake found in the northeastern North America, within the Canada-United States border which is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway (â€Å"Great Lakes†). Manninen further defines that it covers more than 94,000 square miles and drains more than twice as much land. It is 9.5 feet deep and holds about 6 quadrillion gallons of water which is like one-fifth of the world’s fresh surface water supply and nine-tenths of United States supply (Manninen). That is a vital role of the Great Lakes basin being â€Å"home to 8.5 million Canadians and 30.7 million Americans† (Environment Canada). The Great Lakes consists of the smaller lakes known as Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario. The Great Lakes highly contributed to the development of